Đo chuyển động nhỏ của kim và ống tiêm


14

Câu hỏi của tôi là làm thế nào để đo chuyển động rất nhỏ của kim và ống tiêm khi tiêm. Khi các bác sĩ tiêm thuốc gây tê cục bộ, họ luôn hút (hút lại) trước để đảm bảo chúng không nằm trong mạch máu. Sự tranh chấp của tôi, đặc biệt là nếu việc hút chỉ được thực hiện bằng một tay, đó là sự thay đổi hướng của lực trên tổ hợp kim / ống tiêm trong khi hút gây ra chuyển động đáng kể của đầu kim - có thể là vài mm - phủ nhận mục đích của việc hút vào nơi đầu tiên

Tôi muốn thực hiện một nghiên cứu in vitro, trong đó tôi có kết hợp kim và ống tiêm và tiêm vào một miếng thịt hoặc tương tự - và sau đó nhờ các tình nguyện viên hút / tiêm trong 3 trường hợp:

  1. ổn định bằng tay khác và tiêm trực tiếp
  2. Ổn định bằng tay khác, hút và sau đó tiêm
  3. Khát bằng một tay rồi tiêm

I have hit a block in terms of finding a method of measuring these movements of the needle tip down to maybe 0.1mm. I thought that an accelerometer might be the way but have not found anything small enough to be mounted on the needle tip.

The only other way I thought of doing it was to use a camera mounted side on to the tip of the needle which would be protruding through some sort of artificial 'skin' and then have a graticule calibrated to measure the distance moved.


5
Can please you edit your question so that it only contains your specific electronics problem? The question is very broad and very little of this seems to have anything to do with electronics - how to best mount an accelerometer on a moving object is a mechanics question.
Lundin

5
IMO there is a good electronics under there though - accurate sensing of the 3D movement of a small object. I think choosing sensors and designing a measurement is reasonably on-topic.
Jack B

1
Looking at your post, you clearly didn't intend a wall of text, but your attempts at formatting were not recognised by the site software. Edited so your formatting does what I think you intended (2 spaces at end of line in lists for example)
Neil_UK

1
Do you want absolute position of the needle, or position relative to the surface of the skin? Do you want all 3 axes, or would some kind of rangefinder on the axis of the syringe be useful?
pjc50

2
I'm confused. Are you trying to sense the 3D position of the tip of the needle, or are you really only trying to measure how far the needle is inserted into the patient or slab of meat?
Olin Lathrop

Câu trả lời:


16

An accelerometer is definitely out in terms of noise.

A mechanical arm system, while potentially accurate enough, may well influence the injection scenario enough to render your results meaningless. I suspect a student struggling to control the position of a small syringe would be distracted by a large measurement arm, no matter how well balanced and low friction.

The only real options you have are optical.

It should be possible to mark the syringe at both ends of the barrel with fiducial markers. The resolution you can achieve is limited by the optics for pointing multiple cameras at the target. If the test site is small and the location well defined, then you can use zoom optics to make the image fill a significant amount of the frame. HD cameras, and sub-pixel location of the fiducials via something like OpenCV ought to make your target resolution achievable.

real => low cost, keeps the imaging volume clear, and it's apparent how you'd get the resolution. There are plenty of other modalities, for instance MRI, PET tomography, ultrasound, magnetic tomography, Xray CT, resistive tomography - which need variously calibration, development, expensive equipment etc.


2
To add to this, if you use ballistic gel or some similar medium instead of meat, then it's transparent. With the needle coloured black (Sharpie pen?), it should show up pretty well on camera. That way you don't even have to calculate the tip position from the syringe barrel - you can see it directly in the image.
Graham

2
@Graham I would be afraid of giving the injector unrealistic feedback by making the needle tip visible to them.
Wayne Conrad

Ballistic gel on a glass plate, imaged from below, with a top layer loaded with carbon black so it's opaque? (Also @Graham)
Chris H

But if you go IR and the layer isn't too thick you'll get appreciable transmission in flesh and still be able to pick it up on a silicon CCD.
Chris H

1
@WayneConrad If you're simulating an injection, then you need simulated skin on the top. Having stuck needles in someone, I know there's a definite difference in going through skin and going through the underlying flesh. A simple sheet of thin rubber might be enough - and that'll be enough to stop the injector seeing the tip. Injection simulation equipment already exists (a quick Google found wallcur.com/Products/…) so perhaps use that as a starting point.
Graham

6

I would err away from an accelerometer. To get displacement from an accelerometer means intergrating twice - once to get the velocity, and again to get the position. This means errors tend to accumulate. Also, the accelerometer would need to be attached to the needle, and it would probably be better to use a needle and syringe which looks and feels as normal as possible to the volunteer.

The idea with the camera sounds better to me. You probably want to measure all the axes of motion of the needle and syringe - so all three movement directions and all three rotation directions. You should be able to do that fairly easily with two cameras, one looking across the surface of the "skin" the other looking down from above. Put the cameras well back from the subject and use a long lens, that will reduce perspective effects. If you put a few brightly coloured dots on a black-painted syringe, it'll be fairly easy to track them in a video using something like ImageJ and a tracking plugin. You can then use the movement of those points to reconstruct the movement of the whole syringe.


2
You probably want a similar dot pattern grid on the surface of the meat, perhaps on a thin membrane like Tegaderm, to calibrate its movement and deformation.
Brian Drummond

5

Note that setting up this study will be a big deal. Getting the instrumentation right will be a study in and of itself. I suggest poring over Medline or Google Scholar for a few days to see if anyone has done anything similar. Look at papers you've read that lead you to this area of research for guidance.

Personally, I'd be looking toward ultrasound imaging to tell you what you need to know. In fact, I suspect this is how anesthesiologist typically guide the needles, and if the tip were moving too much during aspiration, they'd probably already know it.

I don't like "google is your friend" - type messages, but I'll add that searching for "needle motion measurement" in google scholar yields tons of hits, and the first hit for me indeed points to ultrasound: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapm/journal/medphys/33/8/10.1118/1.2218061


They used an Acuson 128 XP ultrasound (presumably with the highest available MHz transducer) and a 6 DOF force-torque sensor and a magnetic position sensor. The latter seems a bit marginal for the OP (0.5mm RMS resolution/1.8mm RMS static accuracy).
Spehro Pefhany

1
@SpehroPefhany -- I wasn't trying to point to the answer with that link, but to clue the OP in that there is a literature. That paper will have cited other papers, other papers will have cited it, and the OP needs to use tools to do both sorts of searches. That's how research is done.
Scott Seidman

1
The particular paper you pointed to was unusually helpful. Usually I shell out $35 and end up with disappointment.
Spehro Pefhany

4

I object that the only means were optical or fix mounting to a measurement system. I propose a different approach:

Resistive sensing

Alongside the blood vessel attach a strip with an array of electrodes. On the syringe a small voltage is applied. After calibration and developing a good algorithm I think it is possible to determine the position of the tip of the needle accurately by analysing the change of current/voltage at the different electrodes. To keep physiological effects low you might use RF voltages above 300 kHz. This also allows the evaluation of the phase increasing reliability of this method.

drawback: The area where the test should take place may be obscured by the strip.

inductive sensing

Imaging a number of inductive sensors placed in vincinity of a blood vessel. They should be able to deliver 3D data of the needle.

Both approaches involve ample development work. Though the outcome may be a system capable of replacing the aspiration process at all.


3

There are many potential methods.
Refining the problem will improve the chances of find a good system.

If needle movement is relative to target (meat, person etc) so that net length of needle inside target varies then measurement of resistance (DC, AC, ...) of needle to target path may allow motion to be detected. The absolute value will almost certainly not be repeatable accurately between "runs" but delta-motion should be observable for very small movements.

If passage of needle relative to target surface occurs during draw back then a sensor that measures absolute needle position relative to target plane at entry point could be achieved by various means. One of several is to have a "disc on the needle near the surface and measure capacitance change - small in absolute terms but doable.

If the injection simulator may be somewhat unrealistic in appearance while accurately modelling the key required actions you could telemeter motion woth hall cells or GMR sensors and magnets, LVDT sensors , mechanical couplings, ... .

tức là có vẻ chủ yếu là vấn đề thực sự hiểu chi tiết chính xác của những gì bạn muốn đo và sau đó ghép một trong số một số cảm biến với nó.


2

Tôi không nghĩ rằng có một câu hỏi thiết kế điện trong bài viết của bạn nhưng tôi nghĩ rằng bạn đang tìm kiếm một máy đo tọa độ 6 trục. Điều này giống như các robot 6 trục quen thuộc được sử dụng trong sản xuất xe hơi nhưng không có động cơ - chỉ có bộ mã hóa để đọc vị trí.

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Hình 1. Hệ thống đo tọa độ 6 trục của Mitutoyo Spin-arm Apex Series .

Tôi đã không đọc tài liệu nhưng bạn sẽ cần một cái gì đó có khớp lỏng để thiết bị đo không ổn định kim hoặc thêm bất kỳ quán tính nào vào hoạt động.


0

Các cảm biến cần xem xét: LVDT, đo biến dạng, piezo. Cảm biến trên tất cả những điều này sẽ phải được thực hiện ở đầu gắn kim, không phải ở đầu. Tôi giả định rằng bạn có thể sửa đổi "kim thử nghiệm" của mình bằng thiết bị này ... cần có đủ chỗ bên trong thân kim (bộ phận cầm tay) để chứa các cảm biến như thế này. Gắn cơ khí và khớp nối của các cảm biến này không phải là chủ đề thích hợp cho trang web này.
Trong số này, cảm biến LVDT rất mạnh mẽ và có thể không thấm vào môi trường chất lỏng. Và nhiều người có độ nhạy tuyệt vời. Một trong nhiều ví dụ: http://www.disensors.com/doads/products/MHR%20Miniature%20LVDT_521.pdf

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