Có cách nào để thay đổi tên thiết bị trong thư mục / dev không?

13

Tôi đã viết quy tắc này cho mục đích thử nghiệm:

SUBSYSTEMS=="usb", ATTRS{manufacturer}=="Kingston", ATTRS{serial}=="001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0951", ATTRS{idProduct}=="1642", SYMLINK+="pen", NAME="pendrak"

dựa trên thông tin sau:

# udevadm info --name=/dev/sdb --attribute-walk

Udevadm info starts with the device specified by the devpath and then
walks up the chain of parent devices. It prints for every device
found, all possible attributes in the udev rules key format.
A rule to match, can be composed by the attributes of the device
and the attributes from one single parent device.

  looking at device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sdb':
    KERNEL=="sdb"
    SUBSYSTEM=="block"
    DRIVER==""
    ATTR{ro}=="0"
    ATTR{size}=="30299520"
    ATTR{stat}=="     419        0     3352     1208        0        0        0        0        0     1120     1208"
    ATTR{range}=="16"
    ATTR{discard_alignment}=="0"
    ATTR{events}=="media_change"
    ATTR{ext_range}=="256"
    ATTR{events_poll_msecs}=="3000"
    ATTR{alignment_offset}=="0"
    ATTR{inflight}=="       0        0"
    ATTR{removable}=="1"
    ATTR{capability}=="51"
    ATTR{events_async}==""

  looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0':
    KERNELS=="2:0:0:0"
    SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
    DRIVERS=="sd"
    ATTRS{rev}=="PMAP"
    ATTRS{type}=="0"
    ATTRS{scsi_level}=="0"
    ATTRS{model}=="DT 101 G2       "
    ATTRS{state}=="running"
    ATTRS{queue_type}=="none"
    ATTRS{iodone_cnt}=="0x2da"
    ATTRS{iorequest_cnt}=="0x2da"
    ATTRS{evt_capacity_change_reported}=="0"
    ATTRS{timeout}=="30"
    ATTRS{evt_media_change}=="0"
    ATTRS{max_sectors}=="240"
    ATTRS{ioerr_cnt}=="0x2"
    ATTRS{queue_depth}=="1"
    ATTRS{vendor}=="Kingston"
    ATTRS{evt_soft_threshold_reached}=="0"
    ATTRS{device_blocked}=="0"
    ATTRS{evt_mode_parameter_change_reported}=="0"
    ATTRS{evt_lun_change_reported}=="0"
    ATTRS{evt_inquiry_change_reported}=="0"
    ATTRS{iocounterbits}=="32"
    ATTRS{eh_timeout}=="10"

  looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0/host2/target2:0:0':
    KERNELS=="target2:0:0"
    SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
    DRIVERS==""

  looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0/host2':
    KERNELS=="host2"
    SUBSYSTEMS=="scsi"
    DRIVERS==""

  looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0':
    KERNELS=="2-5:1.0"
    SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
    DRIVERS=="usb-storage"
    ATTRS{bInterfaceClass}=="08"
    ATTRS{bInterfaceSubClass}=="06"
    ATTRS{bInterfaceProtocol}=="50"
    ATTRS{bNumEndpoints}=="02"
    ATTRS{supports_autosuspend}=="1"
    ATTRS{bAlternateSetting}==" 0"
    ATTRS{bInterfaceNumber}=="00"

  looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5':
    KERNELS=="2-5"
    SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
    DRIVERS=="usb"
    ATTRS{bDeviceSubClass}=="00"
    ATTRS{bDeviceProtocol}=="00"
    ATTRS{devpath}=="5"
    ATTRS{idVendor}=="0951"
    ATTRS{speed}=="480"
    ATTRS{bNumInterfaces}==" 1"
    ATTRS{bConfigurationValue}=="1"
    ATTRS{bMaxPacketSize0}=="64"
    ATTRS{busnum}=="2"
    ATTRS{devnum}=="4"
    ATTRS{configuration}==""
    ATTRS{bMaxPower}=="200mA"
    ATTRS{authorized}=="1"
    ATTRS{bmAttributes}=="80"
    ATTRS{bNumConfigurations}=="1"
    ATTRS{maxchild}=="0"
    ATTRS{bcdDevice}=="0100"
    ATTRS{avoid_reset_quirk}=="0"
    ATTRS{quirks}=="0x0"
    ATTRS{serial}=="001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B"
    ATTRS{version}==" 2.00"
    ATTRS{urbnum}=="1927"
    ATTRS{ltm_capable}=="no"
    ATTRS{manufacturer}=="Kingston"
    ATTRS{removable}=="unknown"
    ATTRS{idProduct}=="1642"
    ATTRS{bDeviceClass}=="00"
    ATTRS{product}=="DT 101 G2"

  looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2':
    KERNELS=="usb2"
    SUBSYSTEMS=="usb"
    DRIVERS=="usb"
    ATTRS{bDeviceSubClass}=="00"
    ATTRS{bDeviceProtocol}=="00"
    ATTRS{devpath}=="0"
    ATTRS{idVendor}=="1d6b"
    ATTRS{speed}=="480"
    ATTRS{bNumInterfaces}==" 1"
    ATTRS{bConfigurationValue}=="1"
    ATTRS{bMaxPacketSize0}=="64"
    ATTRS{authorized_default}=="1"
    ATTRS{busnum}=="2"
    ATTRS{devnum}=="1"
    ATTRS{configuration}==""
    ATTRS{bMaxPower}=="0mA"
    ATTRS{authorized}=="1"
    ATTRS{bmAttributes}=="e0"
    ATTRS{bNumConfigurations}=="1"
    ATTRS{maxchild}=="8"
    ATTRS{bcdDevice}=="0312"
    ATTRS{avoid_reset_quirk}=="0"
    ATTRS{quirks}=="0x0"
    ATTRS{serial}=="0000:00:1d.7"
    ATTRS{version}==" 2.00"
    ATTRS{urbnum}=="89"
    ATTRS{ltm_capable}=="no"
    ATTRS{manufacturer}=="Linux 3.12-1-amd64 ehci_hcd"
    ATTRS{removable}=="unknown"
    ATTRS{idProduct}=="0002"
    ATTRS{bDeviceClass}=="09"
    ATTRS{product}=="EHCI Host Controller"

  looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7':
    KERNELS=="0000:00:1d.7"
    SUBSYSTEMS=="pci"
    DRIVERS=="ehci-pci"
    ATTRS{irq}=="23"
    ATTRS{subsystem_vendor}=="0x1458"
    ATTRS{broken_parity_status}=="0"
    ATTRS{class}=="0x0c0320"
    ATTRS{companion}==""
    ATTRS{consistent_dma_mask_bits}=="32"
    ATTRS{dma_mask_bits}=="32"
    ATTRS{local_cpus}=="00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000000,00000003"
    ATTRS{device}=="0x27cc"
    ATTRS{uframe_periodic_max}=="100"
    ATTRS{enable}=="1"
    ATTRS{msi_bus}==""
    ATTRS{local_cpulist}=="0-1"
    ATTRS{vendor}=="0x8086"
    ATTRS{subsystem_device}=="0x5006"
    ATTRS{numa_node}=="-1"
    ATTRS{d3cold_allowed}=="1"

  looking at parent device '/devices/pci0000:00':
    KERNELS=="pci0000:00"
    SUBSYSTEMS==""
    DRIVERS==""

và:

# udevadm info --name=/dev/sdb
P: /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sdb
N: sdb
S: disk/by-id/usb-Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0
S: disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0
S: pen
E: DEVLINKS=/dev/disk/by-id/usb-Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0 /dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 /dev/pen
E: DEVNAME=/dev/sdb
E: DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sdb
E: DEVTYPE=disk
E: ID_BUS=usb
E: ID_INSTANCE=0:0
E: ID_MODEL=DT_101_G2
E: ID_MODEL_ENC=DT\x20101\x20G2\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20
E: ID_MODEL_ID=1642
E: ID_PART_TABLE_TYPE=dos
E: ID_PATH=pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0
E: ID_PATH_TAG=pci-0000_00_1d_7-usb-0_5_1_0-scsi-0_0_0_0
E: ID_REVISION=PMAP
E: ID_SERIAL=Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0
E: ID_SERIAL_SHORT=001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B
E: ID_TYPE=disk
E: ID_USB_DRIVER=usb-storage
E: ID_USB_INTERFACES=:080650:
E: ID_USB_INTERFACE_NUM=00
E: ID_VENDOR=Kingston
E: ID_VENDOR_ENC=Kingston
E: ID_VENDOR_ID=0951
E: MAJOR=8
E: MINOR=16
E: SUBSYSTEM=block
E: USEC_INITIALIZED=32380484

Nhưng khi tôi muốn kiểm tra nó, nó đã cho tôi nhật ký này:

# udevadm test /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sdb
calling: test
version 204
This program is for debugging only, it does not run any program
specified by a RUN key. It may show incorrect results, because
some values may be different, or not available at a simulation run.

=== trie on-disk ===
tool version:          204
file size:         5729797 bytes
header size             80 bytes
strings            1262125 bytes
nodes              4467592 bytes
load module index
Skipping overridden file: /lib/udev/rules.d/95-keymap.rules.
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/42-usb-hid-pm.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/50-firmware.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/50-udev-default.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/55-dm.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/56-lvm.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-cdrom_id.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-fuse.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-gnupg.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-libfreenect0.2.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-libgphoto2-6.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-libpisock9.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-libsane.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-nvidia-kernel-common.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-pcmcia.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-alsa.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-input.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-serial.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage-dm.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage-tape.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-v4l.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-virtualbox-dkms.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/60-virtualbox.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/61-accelerometer.rules
read rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/61-removable-storage-polling.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/64-btrfs.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/64-xorg-xkb.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/69-cd-sensors.rules
IMPORT found builtin 'usb_id --export %p', replacing /lib/udev/rules.d/69-cd-sensors.rules:89
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/69-libmtp.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/69-lvm-metad.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/69-xorg-vmmouse.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/70-btrfs.rules
read rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-cd.rules
read rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/70-power-switch.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/70-udev-acl.rules
read rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/70-zram.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/75-cd-aliases-generator.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/75-net-description.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/75-persistent-net-generator.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/75-probe_mtd.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/75-tty-description.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/78-sound-card.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/80-btrfs-lvm.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/80-drivers.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/80-net-name-slot.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/80-networking.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/85-hdparm.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/85-hwclock.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/90-alsa-restore.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/90-pulseaudio.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/91-permissions.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/95-cd-devices.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/95-keyboard-force-release.rules
read rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/95-keymap.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/95-udev-late.rules
read rules file: /lib/udev/rules.d/97-bluetooth-hid2hci.rules
read rules file: /etc/udev/rules.d/99-local.rules
rules contain 393216 bytes tokens (32768 * 12 bytes), 31233 bytes strings
27768 strings (226512 bytes), 24687 de-duplicated (198361 bytes), 3082 trie nodes used
IMPORT builtin 'usb_id' /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules:68
/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0: if_class 8 protocol 6
IMPORT builtin 'path_id' /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules:89
LINK 'disk/by-id/usb-Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0' /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules:108
LINK 'disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0' /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules:130
IMPORT '/sbin/blkid -o udev -p /dev/sdb' /lib/udev/rules.d/60-persistent-storage.rules:151
starting '/sbin/blkid -o udev -p /dev/sdb'
'/sbin/blkid -o udev -p /dev/sdb' [12103] exit with return code 0
RUN '/etc/init.d/hdparm hotplug' /lib/udev/rules.d/85-hdparm.rules:1
GROUP 6 /lib/udev/rules.d/91-permissions.rules:4
GROUP 25 /lib/udev/rules.d/91-permissions.rules:5
GROUP 25 /lib/udev/rules.d/91-permissions.rules:9
NAME="pendrak" ignored, kernel device nodes can not be renamed; please fix it in /etc/udev/rules.d/99-local.rules:1
LINK 'pen' /etc/udev/rules.d/99-local.rules:1
handling device node '/dev/sdb', devnum=b8:16, mode=0660, uid=0, gid=25
preserve permissions /dev/sdb, 060660, uid=0, gid=25
preserve already existing symlink '/dev/block/8:16' to '../sdb'
found 'b8:16' claiming '/run/udev/links/\x2fdisk\x2fby-id\x2fusb-Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0'
creating link '/dev/disk/by-id/usb-Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0' to '/dev/sdb'
preserve already existing symlink '/dev/disk/by-id/usb-Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0' to '../../sdb'
found 'b8:16' claiming '/run/udev/links/\x2fdisk\x2fby-path\x2fpci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0'
creating link '/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0' to '/dev/sdb'
preserve already existing symlink '/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0' to '../../sdb'
found 'b8:16' claiming '/run/udev/links/\x2fpen'
creating link '/dev/pen' to '/dev/sdb'
preserve already existing symlink '/dev/pen' to 'sdb'
.ID_FS_TYPE_NEW=
ACTION=add
DEVLINKS=/dev/disk/by-id/usb-Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0 /dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0 /dev/pen
DEVNAME=/dev/sdb
DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.7/usb2/2-5/2-5:1.0/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sdb
DEVTYPE=disk
ID_BUS=usb
ID_FS_TYPE=
ID_INSTANCE=0:0
ID_MODEL=DT_101_G2
ID_MODEL_ENC=DT\x20101\x20G2\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20
ID_MODEL_ID=1642
ID_PART_TABLE_TYPE=dos
ID_PATH=pci-0000:00:1d.7-usb-0:5:1.0-scsi-0:0:0:0
ID_PATH_TAG=pci-0000_00_1d_7-usb-0_5_1_0-scsi-0_0_0_0
ID_REVISION=PMAP
ID_SERIAL=Kingston_DT_101_G2_001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B-0:0
ID_SERIAL_SHORT=001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B
ID_TYPE=disk
ID_USB_DRIVER=usb-storage
ID_USB_INTERFACES=:080650:
ID_USB_INTERFACE_NUM=00
ID_VENDOR=Kingston
ID_VENDOR_ENC=Kingston
ID_VENDOR_ID=0951
MAJOR=8
MINOR=16
SUBSYSTEM=block
USEC_INITIALIZED=32380484
run: '/etc/init.d/hdparm hotplug'
unload module index

Và như bạn có thể thấy, symlink đã được tạo, nhưng tên chưa thay đổi và tôi đã gặp lỗi sau:

NAME="pendrak" ignored, kernel device nodes can not be renamed; please fix it in /etc/udev/rules.d/99-local.rules:1

Một điều khác là các liên kết trỏ ngẫu nhiên đến sdb, sdb1, sdb2, v.v .:

# ls -al /dev/pen
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Mar 13 12:49 /dev/pen -> sdb
# ls -al /dev/pen
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Mar 13 12:53 /dev/pen -> sdb2
# ls -al /dev/pen
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Mar 13 12:53 /dev/pen -> sdb1
# ls -al /dev/pen
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Mar 13 12:53 /dev/pen -> sdb2
# ls -al /dev/pen
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Mar 13 12:53 /dev/pen -> sdb3

Nó thay đổi mỗi khi tôi cắm ổ đĩa vào.

Nhiệm vụ ở đây là thay đổi tên của thiết bị từ sdb (hoặc bất cứ thứ gì có thể) thành pendrakvà cũng tạo một liên kết đến nó. Lỗi cho rằng "các nút thiết bị kernel không thể được đổi tên" - điều đó có nghĩa là tôi hoàn toàn không thể thay đổi tên và tất cả những gì tôi có thể làm là tạo liên kết tượng trưng?

devices  udev 
— Mikhail Morfikov
nguồn

Câu trả lời:

14

Theo hướng dẫn của udev, không có cách nào để thay đổi tên của các tệp trong /dev/thư mục:

NAME
The name to use for a network interface. The name of a device node
cannot be changed by udev, only additional symlinks can be created.

Vì vậy, trong trường hợp của tôi, tôi nên viết các quy tắc tương tự như sau:

KERNEL=="sd?3", ACTION=="add", ENV{ID_SERIAL_SHORT}=="001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B", \
    SYMLINK+="pen%n", \
    RUN+="/usr/bin/udevil mount /dev/pen%n /mnt/dane"

KERNEL=="sd?1", ACTION=="add", ENV{ID_SERIAL_SHORT}=="001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B", \
    SYMLINK+="pen%n", \
    RUN+="/usr/bin/udevil mount /dev/pen%n /mnt/debian"

KERNEL=="sd?2", ACTION=="add", ENV{ID_SERIAL_SHORT}=="001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B", \
    SYMLINK+="pen%n", \
    RUN+="/sbin/cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/pen%n pen%n --key-file=/home/morfik/Desktop/pen2.key", \
    RUN+="/usr/bin/udevil mount /dev/mapper/pen%n /mnt/szyfr"
KERNEL=="sd?2", ACTION=="remove", ENV{ID_SERIAL_SHORT}=="001CC0EC34A2BB318709004B", \
    RUN+="/sbin/cryptsetup luksClose pen%n"

Họ tạo ra ba liên kết: pen1, pen2, pen3. Mỗi trong số đó liên kết đến thiết bị sdb tương ứng (hoặc bao giờ sẽ có), và chỉ cần mở và gắn kết chúng trong các thư mục được chỉ định thông qua công cụ udevil.

— Mikhail Morfikov
nguồn
— orion
2
Điều này chỉ áp dụng cho các giao diện mạng, như bạn có thể đọc trong câu trả lời.
— Mikhail Morfikov
1
Lưu ý: điều này cũng được sử dụng để làm việc với các loại thiết bị khác, nhưng tính năng này đã bị xóa với một số bản phát hành systemd.
— ioust5041
Nếu chúng ta không thể đổi tên các nút thiết bị kernel nữa, có cách giải quyết nào không? Bất kỳ cách vũ phu? : D
— midnite
Chỉ cần tạo liên kết tượng trưng. Tôi đang làm điều đó cho tất cả các thiết bị cần có cùng tên cho dù thế nào đi chăng nữa.
— Mikhail Morfikov
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