Tôi dường như không thể hiểu tại sao tôi có ít RAM có thể sử dụng hơn cài đặt. Tôi đang chạy 64 bit Centos 7 với 1 mô-đun RAM 4096 MB trên Lenovo x230. Một số thông tin từ máy trong câu hỏi:
$ free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 2439 1129 172 124 1137 857
Swap: 2087 41 2046
$ cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)
$ uname -m
x86_64
$ dmidecode -t memory | grep -i size
Size: 4096 MB
Size: No Module Installed
$ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 2
Socket(s): 1
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 58
Model name: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3520M CPU @ 2.90GHz
Stepping: 9
CPU MHz: 1639.519
BogoMIPS: 5786.51
Virtualization: VT-x
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 256K
L3 cache: 4096K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
BIOS hiển thị 4096 MB RAM sẽ được cài đặt.
$ dmesg | grep -C 3 -i mtrr
[ 0.000000] e820: remove [mem 0x000a0000-0x000fffff] usable
[ 0.000000] AGP: No AGP bridge found
[ 0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0x11e600 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
[ 0.000000] MTRR default type: uncachable
[ 0.000000] MTRR fixed ranges enabled:
[ 0.000000] 00000-9FFFF write-back
[ 0.000000] A0000-BFFFF uncachable
[ 0.000000] C0000-FFFFF write-protect
[ 0.000000] MTRR variable ranges enabled:
[ 0.000000] 0 base 0FFC00000 mask FFFC00000 write-protect
[ 0.000000] 1 base 000000000 mask F80000000 write-back
[ 0.000000] 2 base 080000000 mask FC0000000 write-back
$ dmesg | grep -C 3 -i e820
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct
[ 0.000000] Linux version 3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.3 20140911 (Red Hat 4.8.3-9) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu Mar 31 16:04:38 UTC 2016
[ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/centos00-root ro crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=centos00/root rd.lvm.lv=centos00/swap rhgb quiet LANG=en_ZA.UTF-8
[ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009d7ff] usable
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009d800-0x000000000009ffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000e0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000001fffffff] usable
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000020000000-0x00000000201fffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000020200000-0x0000000040003fff] usable
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000040004000-0x0000000040004fff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000040005000-0x000000008c0a0fff] usable
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000008c0a1000-0x00000000dae9efff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000dae9f000-0x00000000daf9efff] ACPI NVS
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000daf9f000-0x00000000daffefff] ACPI data
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000dafff000-0x00000000df9fffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000f8000000-0x00000000fbffffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fec00fff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed08000-0x00000000fed08fff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed10000-0x00000000fed19fff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed1c000-0x00000000fed1ffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000fee00fff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffc00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
[ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x000000011e5fffff] usable
[ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active
[ 0.000000] SMBIOS 2.7 present.
[ 0.000000] DMI: LENOVO 2325SRQ/2325SRQ, BIOS G2ETA5WW (2.65 ) 09/17/2015
[ 0.000000] e820: update [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] usable ==> reserved
[ 0.000000] e820: remove [mem 0x000a0000-0x000fffff] usable
[ 0.000000] AGP: No AGP bridge found
[ 0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0x11e600 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
[ 0.000000] MTRR default type: uncachable
[ 0.000000] MTRR fixed ranges enabled:
[ 0.000000] 00000-9FFFF write-back
--
[ 0.000000] 8 base 11E800000 mask FFF800000 uncachable
[ 0.000000] 9 base 11E600000 mask FFFE00000 uncachable
[ 0.000000] x86 PAT enabled: cpu 0, old 0x7040600070406, new 0x7010600070106
[ 0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0x8c0a1 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
[ 0.000000] found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000f0100-0x000f010f] mapped at [ffff8800000f0100]
[ 0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [ffff880000097000] 97000 size 24576
[ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff]
--
[ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfee00000-0xfee00fff]
[ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfee01000-0xffbfffff]
[ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xffc00000-0xffffffff]
[ 0.000000] e820: [mem 0xdfa00000-0xf7ffffff] available for PCI devices
[ 0.000000] Booting paravirtualized kernel on bare hardware
[ 0.000000] setup_percpu: NR_CPUS:5120 nr_cpumask_bits:8 nr_cpu_ids:8 nr_node_ids:1
[ 0.000000] PERCPU: Embedded 31 pages/cpu @ffff88011e200000 s87168 r8192 d31616 u262144
--
[ 0.078755] ACPI: bus type PCI registered
[ 0.078756] acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5
[ 0.078931] PCI: MMCONFIG for domain 0000 [bus 00-3f] at [mem 0xf8000000-0xfbffffff] (base 0xf8000000)
[ 0.078933] PCI: MMCONFIG at [mem 0xf8000000-0xfbffffff] reserved in E820
[ 0.079010] PCI: Using configuration type 1 for base access
[ 0.079718] ACPI: Added _OSI(Module Device)
[ 0.079720] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Device)
--
[ 0.116705] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[ 0.116763] PCI: Using ACPI for IRQ routing
[ 0.118451] PCI: pci_cache_line_size set to 64 bytes
[ 0.118883] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x0009d800-0x0009ffff]
[ 0.118884] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x40004000-0x43ffffff]
[ 0.118885] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x8c0a1000-0x8fffffff]
[ 0.118886] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x11e600000-0x11fffffff]
[ 0.118961] NetLabel: Initializing
[ 0.118962] NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
[ 0.118963] NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4
$ lspci -vnn | grep VGA -A 12
00:02.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Intel Corporation 3rd Gen Core processor Graphics Controller [8086:0166] (rev 09) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
Subsystem: Lenovo Device [17aa:21fa]
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 27
Memory at f0000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M]
Memory at e0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
I/O ports at 6000 [size=64]
Expansion ROM at <unassigned> [disabled]
Capabilities: [90] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit-
Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2
Capabilities: [a4] PCI Advanced Features
Kernel driver in use: i915
00:14.0 USB controller [0c03]: Intel Corporation 7 Series/C210 Series Chipset Family USB xHCI Host Controller [8086:1e31] (rev 04) (prog-if 30 [XHCI])
Kiểm tra nếu miễn phí -m không có lỗi:
mount -t tmpfs -o size=80% none /tempRam
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tempRam/testFile bs=1M count=3096
đầu ra:
dd: error writing ‘/tempRam/testFile’: No space left on device
1952+0 records in
1951+0 records out
2046541824 bytes (2.0 GB) copied, 4.74288 s, 431 MB/s
Bất cứ ý tưởng tại sao tôi chỉ có sẵn RAM 2.4gb và làm thế nào để có thể sử dụng tất cả 4GB?