Để trả lời câu hỏi của bạn, tôi đã chơi với một số biến thể và phân tích chúng.
Kết luận: để sao chép dữ liệu từ một mảng numpy sang mảng khác, hãy sử dụng một trong các hàm numpy tích hợp sẵn numpy.array(src)
hoặc numpy.copyto(dst, src)
bất cứ khi nào có thể.
(Nhưng luôn chọn sau nếu dst
bộ nhớ của đã được cấp phát, để sử dụng lại bộ nhớ. Xem sơ lược ở cuối bài đăng.)
thiết lập hồ sơ
import timeit
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from IPython.display import display
def profile_this(methods, setup='', niter=10 ** 4, p_globals=None, **kwargs):
if p_globals is not None:
print('globals: {0}, tested {1:.0e} times'.format(p_globals, niter))
timings = np.array([timeit.timeit(method, setup=setup, number=niter,
globals=p_globals, **kwargs) for
method in methods])
ranking = np.argsort(timings)
timings = np.array(timings)[ranking]
methods = np.array(methods)[ranking]
speedups = np.amax(timings) / timings
pd.set_option('html', False)
data = {'time (s)': timings,
'speedup': ['{:.2f}x'.format(s) if 1 != s else '' for s in speedups],
'methods': methods}
data_frame = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=['time (s)', 'speedup', 'methods'])
display(data_frame)
print()
mã hồ sơ
setup = '''import numpy as np; x = np.random.random(n)'''
methods = (
'''y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x''',
'''y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x''',
'''y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x''',
'''y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x''',
'''y = np.copy(x)''',
'''y = x.astype(x.dtype)''',
'''y = 1*x''',
'''y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)''',
'''y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')''',
'''y = np.empty(n)\nfor i in range(x.size):\n\ty[i] = x[i]'''
)
for n, it in ((2, 6), (3, 6), (3.8, 6), (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4.5)):
profile_this(methods[:-1:] if n > 2 else methods, setup,
niter=int(10 ** it), p_globals={'n': int(10 ** n)})
kết quả cho Windows 7 trên CPU Intel i7, CPython v3.5.0, numpy v1.10.1.
globals: {'n': 100}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 0.386908 33.76x y = np.array(x)
1 0.496475 26.31x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
2 0.567027 23.03x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
3 0.666129 19.61x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
4 0.967086 13.51x y = 1*x
5 1.067240 12.24x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
6 1.235198 10.57x y = np.copy(x)
7 1.624535 8.04x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
8 1.626120 8.03x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
9 3.569372 3.66x y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
10 13.061154 y = np.empty(n)\nfor i in range(x.size):\n\ty[...
globals: {'n': 1000}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 0.666237 6.10x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
1 0.740594 5.49x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
2 0.755246 5.39x y = np.array(x)
3 1.043631 3.90x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
4 1.398793 2.91x y = 1*x
5 1.434299 2.84x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
6 1.544769 2.63x y = np.copy(x)
7 1.873119 2.17x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
8 2.355593 1.73x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
9 4.067133 y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
globals: {'n': 6309}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 2.338428 3.05x y = np.array(x)
1 2.466636 2.89x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
2 2.561535 2.78x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
3 2.603601 2.74x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
4 3.005610 2.37x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
5 3.215863 2.22x y = np.copy(x)
6 3.249763 2.19x y = 1*x
7 3.661599 1.95x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
8 6.344077 1.12x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
9 7.133050 y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
globals: {'n': 10000}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 3.421806 2.82x y = np.array(x)
1 3.569501 2.71x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
2 3.618747 2.67x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
3 3.708604 2.61x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
4 4.150505 2.33x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
5 4.402126 2.19x y = np.copy(x)
6 4.917966 1.96x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
7 4.941269 1.96x y = 1*x
8 8.925884 1.08x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
9 9.661437 y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
globals: {'n': 100000}, tested 1e+05 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 3.858588 2.63x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
1 3.873989 2.62x y = np.array(x)
2 3.896584 2.60x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
3 3.919729 2.58x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
4 3.948563 2.57x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
5 4.000521 2.53x y = np.copy(x)
6 4.087255 2.48x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
7 4.803606 2.11x y = 1*x
8 6.723291 1.51x y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
9 10.131983 y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
globals: {'n': 1000000}, tested 3e+04 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 85.625484 1.24x y = np.empty_like(x); y[:] = x
1 85.693316 1.24x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x)
2 85.790064 1.24x y = np.empty_like(x); np.copyto(y, x, casting=...
3 86.342230 1.23x y = np.empty(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
4 86.954862 1.22x y = np.zeros(n, dtype=x.dtype); y[:] = x
5 89.503368 1.18x y = np.array(x)
6 91.986177 1.15x y = 1*x
7 95.216021 1.11x y = np.copy(x)
8 100.524358 1.05x y = x.astype(x.dtype)
9 106.045746 y = np.zeros_like(x); y[:] = x
Ngoài ra, hãy xem kết quả cho một biến thể của cấu hình trong đó bộ nhớ của đích đã được cấp phát trước trong quá trình sao chép giá trị, vì y = np.empty_like(x)
là một phần của thiết lập:
globals: {'n': 100}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 0.328492 2.33x np.copyto(y, x)
1 0.384043 1.99x y = np.array(x)
2 0.405529 1.89x y[:] = x
3 0.764625 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')
globals: {'n': 1000}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 0.453094 1.95x np.copyto(y, x)
1 0.537594 1.64x y[:] = x
2 0.770695 1.15x y = np.array(x)
3 0.884261 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')
globals: {'n': 6309}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 2.125426 1.20x np.copyto(y, x)
1 2.182111 1.17x y[:] = x
2 2.364018 1.08x y = np.array(x)
3 2.553323 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')
globals: {'n': 10000}, tested 1e+06 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 3.196402 1.13x np.copyto(y, x)
1 3.523396 1.02x y[:] = x
2 3.531007 1.02x y = np.array(x)
3 3.597598 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')
globals: {'n': 100000}, tested 1e+05 times
time (s) speedup methods
0 3.862123 1.01x np.copyto(y, x)
1 3.863693 1.01x y = np.array(x)
2 3.873194 1.01x y[:] = x
3 3.909018 np.copyto(y, x, casting='no')